Essay on Annotations From The Narrative - 1654 Words

Annotations from Frederick Douglass By far the large part of the slaves know as little of their age as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. [Ch. 1, p. 39.] ‘Ignorant’ is the key word in this passage. Slaves seemed to be valued because of their ignorance. As long as they followed their master’s wishes and didn’t raise any questions, they were being â€Å"manageable slaves†. Not letting the slaves have their own identities and background made it easier for their masters to control them. It is also interesting how Douglass compares a slave to a horse. It may be upsetting to the reader to see a human treated the same way as a horse. This dehumanizes the slaves in a†¦show more content†¦The masters may challenge slaves to a drinking contest and deceive them with what they think is freedom. After seeing these tricks played on other slaves, Frederick realizes not to say a word about his master or the treatment he is receiving. This teaches him a lesson in the ways of a slaveholder. He must keep quiet at all times if he doesn’t want to be beaten or killed. Silence is his means of survival. (2nd) To use his own words, further, he said, â€Å"If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master – to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world†. (1st) Now, said he, â€Å"if you teach that nigger (speaking of myself) how to read there would be no keeping him†. [Ch. 6, p. 57.] I selected this particular passage because it demonstrates just how much education was feared by the masters. This dialogue is between Mr. and Mrs. Auld. Mrs. Auld was trying to teach Frederick to spell. She wasn’t yet accustomed to the life of slaveholding. Yet with time she grew cruel just like the others. It seemed as though slavery was bad for both the slave and the slaveholder. It could make even the kindest person into a cruel master. Once her husband found out he was furious. He felt that if you taught a slave how to spell and read, he would start learning about all kinds of things. He would become dissatisfied with his life as a slave and want something more. Mr. Auld was exactlyShow MoreRelatedMy First Day Of Class Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesliberal arts class. In my English classes, I have a tendency to deviate from the given task. This semester I took a FIQWS Composition class which helped me explore the unexplored areas of my academic writing. There were three main essays (literacy narrative, exploratory essay and critical researched analysis) and each improved my writing tremendously. On the first day of class, I was surprised to see the amount of work is expected from me because there were only three major essays and three reflectionsRead MoreWaiting For The Land Book Review838 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Land, by Arie C. Leder, is an interesting book for a number of reasons. Leder does a good job looking at the Pentateuch as a whole story, and tying it into the narrative of the bible. Basically, the whole story of the Pentateuch covers the giving of the law (for the purpose of fellowship), rejection of the law, and departure from fellowship. Leder also states that the Pentateuch has a chiastic structure, with Genesis standing in contrast of Deuteronomy. Part of the Pentateuch discusses the IsraelitesRead MoreWe Define An Indoor Mobile Robot Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesNote that this method can be expanded to other robot s experience as well. subsection{Environment Map and Route Plan} label{subsec:pathcomp} In order to compute a route verbalization, the verbalization algorithm requires an environment map with annotations representing high level locations of interest. We define an indoor mobile robot s map $M = langle P, E angle$ as set of points $p = (x,y,m) in P$ representing unique locations in our building-- where m represents the floor number and the nameRead MoreThe Theoretical Frameworks Governing The Field Of Counseling Psychology934 Words   |  4 Pagesare theories emerging from several schools of thought including Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, Existential, Person-centered, Gestalt, Behavior, Cognitive behavior, Reality and Family systems. 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I can’t say that I remember everything or loved all of it. What I can say is that I did learn and I did get a lot out of this class. I feel like I learned something about myself from writing these essays as well as how to actually write a paper. I believe writing the personal narrative was the most challenging for me to start. First off trying to pick an event that might somewhat be entertaining without it being too personal was difficult. Second, I hadn’t written a paper in sevenRead MoreFear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream by Hunter S. Thompson1064 Words   |  5 Pagesreceive a heap of public attention due to their erratic, drug-induced behaviors. The novel intrigued readers so much that, in 1998, Terry Gilliam transformed Thompson’s work of art into a movie under the same title. 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In Social Studies, my greatest challenge was probably the causal loop diagrams becauseRead MoreLiteracy Views From An Individual And Class Perspective Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesLiteracy Views from an Individual and Class Perspective Teaching and learning in the 21st century is not the same from the 19th and 20th century. â€Å"Teachers today face classrooms that are increasingly diverse, both culturally and linguistically,† (Goodwin, Lefkowits, Woempner, Hubbell, 2011). Educators must be creative and inventive in ways to influence students that are diverse as well as culturally linguistically in the areas of reading and writing. It is imperative that strategies and techniquesRead MoreFloristry Handbook2180 Words   |  9 Pages | |Your mood boards should be well presented and include pictures, photographs, drawings, samples etc. of both floral and non floral | |items. 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Msft Accounting Essay - 659 Words

1. This question addresses the effect of Microsoft’s software capitalization policy on its financial statements. Ignore any potential tax effects. Estimate the effect of capitalizing software costs on Microsoft’s fiscal 1997, 1998, and 1999 income statements and balance sheets. Assume that 1) 60% of Microsoft’s research and development expenses were incurred after technological feasibility was established, 2) the average product life was two years, 3) the company had always capitalized these costs; and 4) the company begins amortization capitalized software costs at the beginning of the following fiscal year. Briefly speculate as to why Microsoft chose to expense all software costs as incurred rather than capitalizing a portion of these†¦show more content†¦Microsoft announced to integrate the internet technologies on Windows 95 and Office 97 giving an impetus to the sales of these products and a portion of these revenues should be deferred into the future. 3. What would be the combined effect of these two policies on Microsoft’s fiscal 1997, 1998, and 1999 financial statements? Answer: The revenue coming from the promise to integrate internet technologies on Windows 95 and office would be recognized in the future by the revenue recognition policy. However, the development costs to provide these enhancements are already incurred in the and expensed in the company’s treatment for the software development costs. The combined effect of these two policies is the mismatch of expense with revenue. 4. The case indicates that the company’s â€Å"market value† of equity at June 30, 1999 was $460 billion. Compare this to the company’s â€Å"book value† of equity. What factors likely explain the difference between these two values? Answer: The difference between the company’s market value and book value is a factor of the intangible assets like brand value, human capital, customer satisfaction and loyalty. These intangible assets become the factor of production providing future growth. Microsoft’s accounting policies had a negative impact on the book value of the company. 5. Would you characterize Microsoft’s overall financial reporting strategy as aggressive orShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis of Microsoft Corp. Essay2293 Words   |  10 Pagesratios the company is allowed to see how profitable the company. In addition it can serve as an examination of the overall performance of the company’s operations and how do these compare to past performances or other companies. The ratios in which accounting measures the profitability of a company are Profit Margin, Price over Earnings, Return on Equity and Return on Assets. In terms of Profit Margin it has a high ratio, which means that our company is turning 76.3% more of each dollar that we sellRead MoreDMBA620 Week 2 Fin Analysis Essay2581 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Financial Accounting Individual Assignment: 1) What 3 items of important information does the income statement reveal about the financial performance of the company over the last three years?   Ans: The income statement lists the revenues minus expenses or costs of goods sold and operating expenses and will reveal a net income or net loss (Revenues – Expenses = Net Profit or Net Loss). Income statements show how much money a company made and spent over a period of time. Income Statements coverRead MoreBest Financial Statement1159 Words   |  5 Pagesquarterly basis as part of a public company s required SEC (Securities Exchange Commission) filings. Follow me, and let s go dig up Microsoft s (Nasdaq: MSFT) cash flow statement. 1) Click over to quotes.fool.com, or click the Quotes/Data tab at the top of this page. 2) On the left side of the page, under the Data heading, type MSFT, and click the SEC Filings button. (You should find yourself on this page.) 3) You now face a list of documents with funky form names. You re lookingRead MoreAnalysis of Microsofts Accounting Policy2832 Words   |  12 Pages| Case Study: Analysis of Microsoft’s Accounting Policies Introduction Microsoft’s business As the most widely recognized company in the world, Microsoft dominated the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS in 1980s.The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen and went public on March 13th, 1986 with the price of $25.75 per share. Since going public, the company’s performance kept being outstanding. Microsoft notRead MoreIbm and Microsoft Financial Statement Analysis5499 Words   |  22 Pagesposition as a result of debt. Illustration 2 IBM Balance Sheet 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2007 IBM-Current Ratio 2008 2009 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2007 2008 2009 9 Microsoft Balance Sheet IBM-Debt to Asset Ratio MSFT-Current Ratio MSFT-Debt to Asset Ratio The return on assets for Microsoft is quite high and consistent for the past three years 21.2% in 2007, 26% in 2008 and then a dip to 19.3% in 2009. I am sure Microsoft felt the 2009 dip was terrible but when you lookRead MoreMicrosofts Accounting Cycle Or Fiscal1568 Words   |  7 PagesMicrosoft is traded on the NASDAQ stock market using the ticker symbol is MSFT. The current stock price as of October 14th 2015 is $46.84. The trading range over the past year has been between $39.72 and $50.05. The dividend rate is $1.44 and their yield is 3.06. Satya Nadella is Microsoft CEO; he is only the third CEO in Microsoft’s history. 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Since both companies report large amounts of income, the matter of accounting checks and balances becomes more complicated than many smaller companies, but equally as important. Financial reports and the audits of these reports are public information and serve to provide a process to decrease errors and omissions and questionable accounting practices. History of Microsoft and Apple Microsoft. The idea of Microsoft was born in the minds of Bill GatesRead MoreFinancial Accounting 504 Final Project Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial Accounting 504 23-Jun-13 Professor Chung Oracle v Microsoft Final Course Project As noted in Wikipedia Oracle is headquartered in Redwood, California. It was founded in 1977 and is the worlds third largest soft wear developer in sales. According to Yahoo Finance Oracle is a multi-faceted operation. Oracle provides a vast amount of services for the internet and computer. 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Spending and Investing Practices Free Essays

string(75) " way to invest in commercial real estate without buying property directly\." Introduction How come some people make lots of money, others basically maintain the status quo, and many are awash in debt? What makes the difference? Spending habits – the difference between needs, wants, and self-indulgence. Investing practices –how time and compound interest can create a fortune. Spending without planning is seeking instant self-gratification NOW. We will write a custom essay sample on Spending and Investing Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over-spending creates a bondage that limits opportunities. We all have dreams, priorities, fears, and limited time. In large part these are the key factors that influence what we do with our money. After all, the money we have at the moment is limited. The key questions are: What are the things that are important to you now, five years from now, in 25 years, etc. How much money do you have at the moment that is beyond the basics? What are your best investment choices based upon your age and the time available? Financial Planning Definition The process of: managing your money and resources to achieve economic and personal satisfaction. The Financial Planning Process. Determining your current financial situation. What is your income, expenses, and debt? Developing your financial goals. What are your future plans for housing, transportation, medical, marriage, retirement, etc. Identifying courses of action. Evaluating each course of action. Every decision closes off other alternatives. Creating and implementing your financial action plan. Write it down. Continually review your plan and revise as necessary. Selecting Financial Goals Should contain time goals Short term goals of a week, month, six months, a year or two years. Medium term goals that may be achieved within five years. Long term goals such financing college for children, retirement plans, Should contain need goals Consumable product goals: food, clothing, entertainment, etc. Durable product goals: cars, furniture, appliances, sporting equipment, etc. Intangible purchase goals: health, education, leisure, relationships, etc. Goal-setting Guidelines Financial goals should be realistic. State in specific measurable terms Should have a time frame Should indicate the type of action to be taken. Influences on Financial Planning Stage of adult life cycle: young single, married, married with children, single parent, older 50+. Marital status, household size, and employment. Personal values and major events such as graduation, marriage, children, retirement, etc. Local and global economic conditions such as: consumer prices related to inflation. interest rates for borrowing money. oney supply printed by government. unemployment related to job availability. Investing In The Stock Market Investing started when someone had an idea that possibly would make money but didn’t have the financing to develop it. So he sought money from others who were willing to risk their cash in exchange for a share of the potential profits. When the idea proved profitable and looked as if it would generate an income for an extended period of time, outsiders would try to buy shares in the company by offering cash to the original owners. If several people start bidding for shares and the share owners were willing to sell, the price increased. What Is Bought Sold in the Stock Market Stocks are shares of ownership in a company. Shareholders may benefit from company profits and a rising stock price. They may also lose their shirt if the company loses money and stock prices fall. Note, ‘Penny’ stocks that are low priced tend to be highly speculative with few buyers and sellers and high risk. Below are some well-known stocks. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) hold a diversified portfolio of stocks and/or securities that are minimally managed. ETFs have the following advantages: ETFs are safer than stocks because an ETF is a basket of securities. With multiple securities, you aren’t subject to the wide array of risk including corporate scandals, after market earning reports, and other factors that affect individual stocks. ETFs may be traded during market hours. ETFs allow the use of limit orders and STOP-loss orders. ETFs have no penalties for early withdrawal and are ‘no-load’ (although usual broker fees apply). ETFs are passively managed so their expenses tend to be lower than comparable mutual funds. ETFs holdings are very apparent and portfolio changes are relatively infrequent. Options are available on some ETFs . Index Funds: securities that represent entire sectors: SP 500 Index (SPY)| Dow Jones Industrial (DIA)| NASDAQ 100 (QQQQ)| Russell 2000 Fund (IWM). | Options are purchasable and sellable contracts that guarantee rights, but not necessarily obligations to buy or sell a security for an agreed upon price within a certain time period. Mutual funds: pooled money managed by professional money managers who charge for their services. Mutual funds are only traded after the market closes each day. Mutual funds cannot be protected from falling prices during the day. If the market is crashing, a sell order to get out is initiated only after the market has closed. No-Load Mutual Funds: no fees charged for buying or selling. On an average these tend to be more profitable than loaded funds. Loaded Mutual Funds: an upfront fee or exit fee is charged to enter or cash out a fund. Bonds: loans made to a company or government with a guaranteed return if bankruptcy doesn’t occur. Often bonds are sold to raise cash to expand the business. Commodities: raw materials such as sugar, wheat, pork bellies, metals, etc. During economic expansion commodity prices generally rise due to increasing demand. During a recession or deflationary times the opposite is true except in the case of precious metals. Sometimes when people lose faith in their paper money they purchase gold or silver as insurance against devaluation of the dollar. Currencies: paper money that people believe has value. As the amount of paper money increases, the value of the paper money decreases. With more paper money chasing goods, the rate of inflation rises (gas used to be 23 cents a gallon). REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts): publicly traded companies that own and manage investment-grade commercial real estate. REITs invest in office buildings, malls, industrial facilities, hotels, resorts, health care facilities, and self-storage. REITs provide a simple and inexpensive way to invest in commercial real estate without buying property directly. You read "Spending and Investing Practices" in category "Essay examples" However, they are not very liquid. REITs provide a fairly reliable source of income. At least 90 percent of taxable income must be distributed annually to shareholders. Financial Participants Banks and Credit Unions typically manage accounts and provide services including checking, savings, loans, credit and debit cards, notary services, safe deposit boxes, etc. Brokerage Firms typically manage all types of trades (stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, etc. ) for a fee. Some are full service, providing advice and charging for their services. Others are discount brokers that handle transactions for a minimal charge. Broker: a licensed professional who advises people about investments for a fee and may work for a brokerage firm. Stock and Commodity Markets are exchanges where stocks, options, securities, indexes, currencies, commodities, etc. are traded. Market Maker: a professional securities dealer who buys and sells stocks or commodities held in inventory and must ALWAYS provide a bid and ask price at which they will buy or sell something. Investors (speculators) are individuals who usually hold longer-term investments. Traders (scalpers) are individuals who usually trade quickly looking for quick profits. Momentum investors track prices and volume data to identify stocks trending higher. Market Timers try to time their investing so they’re buying at market troughs and selling at peaks. Growth Investors target stocks of companies that produce, and should continue producing, above-average earnings growth. Value Investors shop for bargains, hoping to buy low, as the cliche goes, and sell high. There are four market trends. Down trending markets in which security prices are falling. People typically do not know how to trade this market. Yet trading a down trending market is usually the most profitable. Security prices fall faster than they rise, typically taking 5 years to reach a high versus 3 months to lose most of the gain. High volatility markets in which security prices swing wildly from one extreme to the other. Day traders and professional traders are very active in this scenario. Up-trending markets in which security prices are rising. Most people invest in an up-trending market because of their optimistic outlook. This market ranks third in trading profitability. Sideways trending markets in which security prices trade within a fairly tight range with little fluctuation. It is important to note that . . . Money can be made or lost no matter the market direction Protecting Trades With Stops Frequently novice traders fail to protect profits and lose money even though a security has bounced in and out of profitability several times. The use of a STOP is one way to protect an account. A STOP is a chosen price in which a trader wants to sell a security to prevent a further price decline. There are four kinds of STOPS. Automatic Hard STOP. This STOP is set immediately after the initial purchase and is not changed until it is deleted or adjusted. Market makers may see hard STOPS and often knock them out during trading by dropping the price suddenly and then raising the price shortly thereafter. Trailing STOP — a favorite. As the price of a stock rises, this STOP correspondingly rises. A Trailing STOP allows a winning stock to run while protecting against a loss if the price drops. Mental STOP. This STOP is written down but not placed with the brokerage firm because full-time traders may not want to be inadvertently stopped out of a trade due to a momentary large price swing. STOP Limit. A ‘Limit Order’ is an order to buy or sell at a specific price or better and is only ACTIVATED when the desired price is hit. Searching For investments Determine market trends. What are the current market trends with the Dow, S;P 500, etc. Select high-ranking industry in which money is flowing into it. Studies have shown industry ranking is responsible for at least 50% of a stock price movement. Scan For Higher Volume. Look for securities that trade more than 750,000 shares daily. A stock needs to be liquid; meaning that there are plenty of buyers when it is time to sell. Search For Top Contenders. The companies should be profitable, with low or no debt. Trading Volume Drives Trends When there is a dramatic change in the volume being traded daily compared to its average daily volume, PAY ATTENTION! Typically this means professional money managers are either buying or selling a security. Like a garage sale, when there are a lot of buyers, prices tend to stay put or rise. If there is an abundance of sellers, prices typically fall. Rising prices with high volume mean institutional professional money managers are buying. The larger the volume increase — 50% above average — the better chance it is a true breakout. During major breakouts it is not uncommon for new market leaders to show volume spikes from 200% to 1000%. Rising prices with little volume is often a sucker’s rally and novice buyers tend to be taken to the cleaners because the price rise lacks support by institutions. Falling prices with high volume mean institutional money managers are selling. Falling prices with little volume may mean a strong base of support is forming for a possible uptrend. Professionals tend to purchase heavily and then wait four to eight days before buying again. Trend Insights A trend is the direction of movement of a market or individual security. Trends are characterized by a series of zigzags that resemble a series of waves with peaks and troughs. There are three trends: An uptrend is a series of higher highs and higher lows. A downtrend is a series of lower highs and lower lows. A neutral trend is horizontal, or equal, peaks and troughs, and reflects a period of indecision. This is also known as the consolidation phase. If a trader is wrong about the trends — all other factors are basically worthless. What is popular one moment may be a ‘dog’ shortly thereafter. Trends are your friend. Money is always flowing somewhere! Large Market Trends are determined by an analysis of the buying and selling volume of the Dow, NASDAQ, SP 500, Russell, etc. Sector Trends deal with an overall analysis of similar companies. Listed below are ETFs that cover sectors. Sector ETFs| Internet| HHH| Oil Service| OIH| Transportation| IYT| Telecom| IYZ| Real Estate| IYR| Big Tech| QQQQ| Software| PSJ| Media| PBS| Defense| PPA| Construction| PKB| Insurance| PIC| Financials| IYF| Nanotech| PXN| Alt. Energy| PBW| Industry Trends are a subcategory of sector trends. This is where individual stocks are listed. Calendar Trends. Some things happen on a recurring basis which cause stock prices to rise and fall almost like clockwork. For instance, Christmas goods are usually shipped in August and September influencing the stock prices of UPS or FEDX. India’s wedding season increases the demand for gold. CAN SLIM COMPANY ANALYSIS CRITERIA William O’Neil, founder of Investor’s Business Daily Newspaper (IBD), developed the ‘CAN SLIM’ investing analysis criteria that is based upon many years of research and readily displayed in IBD. The following is a summary of the analytical criteria used. C = Current Quarterly Profit Increases. Strong growth in earnings, more than any other factor, is what defines the market leaders that potentially are going to experience big price advances. IBD recommends looking for stocks with a profit gain of at least 25% compared to the same quarter of the previous year. IBD found that three of every four such stocks boosted profits by more than 70% in their most recent quarter BEFORE their big run-ups. A = Annual Earning Increases should be at least 25% for the last three to five years. Some of the biggest market winners had annual earnings growth of 50%+ before starting their big run-ups. A trend of three to five years of annual earning increases coupled with recent strong earnings in the last several quarters increases the probability of success in an up-trending market. N = New Products, Management, or Highs. It seems that anything new that makes our lives richer, extends our health, or increases our productivity is desirable. Old companies or newly created companies that provide these new things or new services tend to increase in value because of increase in sales. S = Supply Demand. When there are plenty of buyers and few sellers, prices increase. When demand for stock shares increases, the company with the least amount of shares available will experience a greater price increase. The greater the number shares available (for sale) the less the price performance. Usually older larger companies with billions of shares are more sluggish than companies trading only 50 million shares. Note, the larger the percentage of ownership by management, typically the greater the growth potential. L = Leaders, Not Laggards. There are many ‘wannabes also-ran’ companies. Their price growth results are average at best or a flash-in-the-pan. Select best-of-breed stocks from the top three in strong industry groups with the best quarterly/annual earnings growth. Note, in a bull market correction, the stocks that drop the least are usually the best on rebound. I = Institutional Sponsorship. When big traders (mutual funds, pension plans, etc) are buying millions of shares, it is a good sign the price will run-up. But not all mutual funds are equal in quality. Follow the leaders of the best mutual funds. M = Market Direction. Track the trend averages using the SP, DJIA, and NASDAQ. And Finally CFO: Corporate Fraud Officer. FIAT Money: Financial Instrument Administering Theft of Money Insanity: Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. – Einstein How to cite Spending and Investing Practices, Essay examples

Principles and Practices of Management - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrinciples and Practices of Leadership and Management. Answer: Introduction Organizations in the current development economy have shifted towards the development and improvement of business with regard to the workforce or structure. The advancement in technology has initiated in-depth research and innovation to remain relevant to the changing trends. It is significant for the management in the corporate sector to be updated on the varying competitive demands in the market by adjusting to the ideal structure and promoting the improvement of the skills and competencies of the middle-level managers. The objective of this report is to underscore the significance of leadership skills and competencies necessary for the success of a business. There is a strategy by the director of Consumer Strategic Insights (CSI) for PepsiCo Food Mexico), J. Rubio, to convert CSI into a more flexible structure. The successful development of a flexible structure calls for a critical analysis of the primary aspects of leadership skills and competencies to reinforce the opinions. The conclusion of this report provides a review of leadership skills and competencies in addition to deliberations on leadership theories that are relevant for the management in CSI department. Leadership Skills in the Current Society Before the discussion on change intervention in an organization, it is crucial that first ascertain the ways through which leaders develop or acquire different skills and competencies. The three skill model of Katz (2009) postulates the contribution of each skill towards effective leadership in a company. The skills involved here are the Human Skill, Conceptual Skill, and Technical Skill. The skills for each business unit in the CSI department of PepsiCo should be based on creativity, flexibility, honesty, and accountability. The matrix-structure in the CSI department may place the leaders in an awkward position where they have to compromise while working with diverse international teams due to their limited control. Astonishingly, the skills required to manage the traditional hierarchical corporate structure in PepsiCo are far much different from those necessary for effective management of the matrix. As a result, incompetent managers with regard to specific skills are disheartened by these roles and find them to be tiresome because of the obligation to continuously influence and co-operate with other leaders towards the accomplishment of organizations goal. Dul and Ceylan (2011) opine that creativity skill is needed hereafter as a necessary condition for innovation, even though insufficient to operate on its own. Innovation is the multi-stage process whereby organizations transform ideas into improved products, service or processes, to advance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace (Baregheh et al., 2009). According to Dul and Ceylan (2011), innovation management is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. Thus, change is perceived as a connector type of innovation. Additionally, creativity is understood to be the ability to think outside the box. Most of the decisions at the workplace are not backed up with convincing evidence. Therefore, with creativity, the management has the freedom to brainstorm and develop problem-solving skills that lead to solution generation. Furthermore, it permits the leadership to create an organizational strategic vision. The management also us es conceptual skills to develop critical thinking skills. Flexibility skill is critical to successful adaptation to the dynamic work environment. An example of flexibility in the workplace is when you have to address the issues whose deadline is due or the ability to deal with mistakes at work. Flexibility skill is fundamental to effective leadership because they need to intelligently accept the problems that they come across and provide the way forward. The subjects will in most cases appreciate the ability of the leader when he or she is willing to welcome changes and demonstrate flexibility in solving problems. Northouse (2018) observes that the most significant skills for organizational leaders are conceptual skills. Thus, intellectual Flexibility encompasses both flexibility and creativity. An intellectually flexible leader has first to be creative, innovative and an independent thinker. Also, such leaders have to regularly blend, change, emerge, and adjust to the dynamic environment. The development or improvement of a vital skill like intellectual flexibility enables the management to brainstorm beforehand to provide a solution to any rising issues and to attain individual and organizational objectives effectively Change Intervention in Organization The director of CSIs aim is to improve the value offer to PFM by altering the strategic structure of the department so that it can better be proactive and flexible. According to J. Rubio, the organizational structure of CSI is flexible which means that he has used the features of the matrix structure. Several studies have examined the matrix structures and recommended them as the most appropriate and competent in complex organizations that are gaining importance in the present society (Lunenburg, 2012; Qiu and Donaldson, 2012; Eppinger and Browning, 2012; Hall, 2013). Furthermore, the notable success of the Apollo programme has influenced remarkable corporations to adopt the matrix method to improve the efficiency of the company (Karasiewicz, 2015; olts and Gavurov, 2013). The efficiency that the organization is after depends on the organization's structure and functionality (Kaczmarek, 2010). Some studies have examined the matrix structure and concluded that it is complicated for the management to use it compared to the old, traditional hierarchies (Worren, 2013; and Galbraith, 2013). However, the matrix structure has exhibited drawbacks irrespective of its successful implementation. For example, most employees undergo conflicts as a result of confusion in communication. On the other hand, the performance and flexibility benefits of the structure enable it to control the multidimensional companies in the real world. More specifically, Travis (2013) assert that optimal effectiveness in management requires essential elements such as new leadership methods and skills. Flexibility in organizations has received much attention from scholars in the past years and as a result a variety of leadership approaches have been discovered with a particular emphasis on elements like corporate adaptability and responsiveness (Dibrell et al., 2014; Dunford et al. 2013; Yukl and Mahsud, 2010; Yuan, Zhongfeng, and Yi, 2010). Thus, the value of business capability, according to Yuan, Zhongfeng, and Yi (2010) is essential for effective response to the opportunities and encounters that the competitive market provides. Alvesson Sveningsson (2008) observes that the present unstable society demands drastic changes by organizations to conform and adopt survival tactics to remain competitive in the global market. It is significant that an organization utilizes a process for change to evaluate the effect of change and regulate its implementation (Westover, 2010). The Lewin Change Model recommends a change model of three steps that are significant for PepsiCo (Burnes and Cooke, 2013). The unfreezing phase is the first one, and it involves unfreezing the present fixed condition. This step includes activities such as employee motivation by antedating them for change (Taylor and Cranton, 2012), developing confidence and acknowledgment for the necessity to grow, and determining the problems and examining them for clarifications within a team (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). The second step in the Lewins Change Model is the step of change. After satisfactorily ascertaining the new goals, it is significant that the organization moves forward to the next level. It is in this phase that the employees and management of Rubio will start to develop confidence in the new direction that will be of importance to the organization. In this stage, the management of CSI can decide to go through the process by promoting effective communications and supporting the staff to study new approaches towards work and learning new behaviors, attitudes, and ethics (Fernandez et al., 2012). The third and last step of Lewins model is refreezing, in which the organization should focus on encouraging stability after the implementation of the changes. The changes should be accommodated by the companys staff. It is in this phase that all employees incorporated in the amendments realized the expected outcomes in real behavioral terms. The roles of the current leaders are beyond the conventional one of representing the organization. Nowadays leaders represent a diversified culture and a worldwide organization. The leadership should set goals for all the teams which must be relevant to the objectives of both the company and the individual employee. The process of decision making should not only be done by the leaders but should also incorporate all the employees as a way of appreciating the value of each one's contribution to the organization. The objective of change is to remain and succeed in a multi-dimensional competitive market. Required Competencies of Leadership The possession of the necessary skills only is not sufficient. These skills must be merged with competency for there to be effective management. Therefore, the necessary and sufficient condition for adequate performance in leadership is leadership competencies. Various organizations like PepsiCo and Lufthansa have for years adopted competency models in employee selection. The active leaders in the use of matrix roles reliably adapt competency skills like empathy, self-awareness, conflict resolution, and impact. Relevant research in this area has given rise to authentic leadership (Ladkin and Taylor, 2010; Northouse, 2018). According to Wang and Hsieh (2013), authentic leaders create a remarkable impact on the company by challenging their staff to continuously offer excellent customer services and develop long-lasting values for investors. Wong and Laschinger (2013) define authentic leaders as individuals who are self-assured, self-aware, moral, positive, honest, balanced in decision making, and unique in leadership manifestation. Self-awareness is the ability to control performance, enhance connections and associations and improve ones self-awareness of ethics, motivations, objectives, and impacts on colleagues. Besides that, authentic leaders are purpose-oriented and thus making them trustworthy since they are inspired by ethics and integrity. Furthermore, authentic leadership establishes trust among the subjects (Leroy, Palanski, and Simons, 2012). Battilana et al. (2010) outline the specific competencies expected of a leader, and these include outcomes, vision, aggression quotient, emotional intelligence, and integrity. Future leaders will be expected to integrate own authenticity like personality and corporate expectations to become appropriate managers (Sullivan and Garland, 2010). Authentic leadership is ideally recommended for the CSI department of PepsiCo since the goal of Rubio is to gain a competitive advantage in the global market and to improve the effectiveness of the staff at the workplace. The manifestation of authentic leadership by the leadership fosters teamwork because it is possible for them to delegate and cooperate. Additionally, the leaders cultivate skills in self-control and relationships thus exhibiting self-awareness. Authentic leaders also learn strategic thinking skills which permit them to operationalize solid plans for the success of the business. In the long-term, they will also develop leaders thus assisting in the individual professional development. The present dynamic work environment doesnt allow guesswork if results are to be achieved. The limited time to foster competencies implies rushing after time. The organizational management should explore additional ways of knowledge acquisition and apply them at work. Conclusion Other factors that are essential to effective corporate leadership include communication, motivation, multiplicity, empowerment, and values. The current trend in most organizations is shifting towards communication. Hence, the reason why leadership theory, competencies, and skills have a substantial contribution to successful organizational leadership. On the other hand, corporate communication is also significant to effective management. In the Case study of PepsiCo, communication is identified as an FB company, and thus it is fundamental to its operations. The organizational plans and goals set by the leaders need to correctly be communicated to the employees, who in turn are to respond back efficiently. That is to say, to change is to communicate. Kilner and Sheppard, (2010) point out that communication is a critical element in teamwork. The management must convey information to ascertain the competence of the followers. This process enables them to communicate with the staff who offer feedback which allows them to develop and implement strategies cooperatively. The use of such tools permits the leadership to communicate and devote themselves towards the attainment of objectives efficiently. Most of the issues or misunderstandings that occur at workplaces are due to inefficient communication because of faulty communication channels which end up in message distortion. The significance of communication can be observed from the way in which companies have invested in training employees to improve on communication skills. References Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S. (2015)Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Baregheh, A., Rowley, J. and Sambrook, S. (2009) Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation.Management decision,47(8), pp.1323-1339. Battilana, J., Gilmartin, M., Sengul, M., Pache, A.C. and Alexander, J.A. (2010) Leadership competencies for implementing planned organizational change.The Leadership Quarterly,21(3), pp.422-438. Burnes, B. and Cooke, B. (2013) Kurt Lewin's Field Theory: A Review and Re?evaluation.International journal of management reviews,15(4), pp.408-425. Dibrell, C., Craig, J.B. and Neubaum, D.O. (2014) Linking the formal strategic planning process, planning flexibility, and innovativeness to firm performance.Journal of Business Research,67(9), pp.2000-2007. Dul, J. and Ceylan, C. (2011) Work environments for employee creativity.Ergonomics,54(1), pp.12-20. Dunford, R., Cuganesan, S., Grant, D., Palmer, I., Beaumont, R. and Steele, C. (2013) Flexibility as the rationale for organizational change: a discourse perspective.Journal of Organizational Change Management,26(1), pp.83-97. Eppinger, S.D. and Browning, T.R. (2012)Design structure matrix methods and applications. MIT press. Fernandez, S., Commentators, H.G.R., Connor, P.E., Thompson, F., Mihm, J.C. And Tschirhart, M. (2012) Managing successful organizational change in the public sector. InDebating Public Administration(pp. 33-52). Routledge. Galbraith, J.R. (2013) Matrix management: structure is the easy part.People Strategy,36(1), pp.6-7. Griffin, R.W. and Moorhead, G. (2011)Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Hall, K., 2013. Revisiting matrix management.People and Strategy,36(1), p.4. Kaczmarek, B. (2010) Optymalizacja struktur organizacyjnych-uwagi nie tylko metodyczne. Karasiewicz, G. (2015)Efficiency considerations of matrix structures in multinational corporations(Doctoral dissertation, Cracow University of Economics). Katz, R.L. (2009)Skills of an effective administrator. Harvard Business Review Press. Kilner, E. and Sheppard, L.A. (2010) The role of teamwork and communication in the emergency department: a systematic review.International emergency nursing,18(3), pp.127-137. Ladkin, D. and Taylor, S.S. (2010) Enacting the true self: Towards a theory of embodied authentic leadership.The Leadership Quarterly,21(1), pp.64-74. Leroy, H., Palanski, M.E. and Simons, T. (2012) Authentic leadership and behavioral integrity as drivers of follower commitment and performance.Journal of Business Ethics,107(3), pp.255-264. Lunenburg, F.C. (2012) Organizational structure: Mintzbergs framework.International journal of scholarly, academic, intellectual diversity,14(1), pp.1-8. Northouse, P.G. (2018)Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Qiu, J.X. and Donaldson, L. (2012) Stopford and Wells were Right! MNC Matrix Structuresdo fit a High-High Strategy.Management International Review,52(5), pp.671-689. olts, V. and Gavurov, B. (2013) Application of the cross impact matrix method in problematic phases of the Balanced Scorecard system in private and public sector.Journal of Applied Economic Sciences,8(1), pp.99-119. Sullivan, E.J. and Garland, G. (2010)Practical leadership and management in nursing. Pearson Education. Tavis, A. (2013) Perspectives, People and Strategy, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 4. Taylor, E.W. and Cranton, P. (2012)The handbook of transformative learning: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley Sons. Wang, D.S. and Hsieh, C.C. (2013) The effect of authentic leadership on employee trust and employee engagement.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,41(4), pp.613-624. Westover, J.H. (2010) Managing organizational change: Change agent strategies and techniques to successfully managing the dynamics of stability and change in organizations.International Journal of Management and Innovation,2(1), p.45. Wong, C.A. and Laschinger, H.K. (2013) Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), pp.947-959. Worren, N. (2013) Simplify complexity.People Strategy,36(1), pp.8-9. Yuan, L., Zhongfeng, S. and Yi, L. (2010) Can strategic flexibility help firms profit from product innovation?Technovation,30(5-6), pp.300-309. Yukl, G. and Mahsud, R. (2010) Why flexible and adaptive leadership is essential.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,62(2), p.81.

5 Well-Known Essay Writers That Will Inspire You

5 Well-Known Essay Writers That Will Inspire You Writing an essay is challenging tasks. Even if you know the rules of essay outline, essay writing, essay editing and writing styles, you still need to tackle the biggest question What are you going to write about?. If you are having a bit of a writers block, then getting writing inspiration from the great essayists is a good idea. We have listed the top 5 best essayists of all times to serve as a writing guide for you. Michel de Montaigne When it comes to the title of the best essayist, a lot of experts would point to Michel de Montaigne. The man was an interesting fellow who lived in 1533 1592. In those times, if you were smart enough, you could work as a writer or philosopher. However, its not the kind of writer that most people know of today. In those times, writers are on the tasks of writing treatise and other legal matters. Michel de Montaigne was employed to this tasks for a very long time, until he quit and went on a self-exile. In his exile, he has left with nothing but his books, pen and ink. He started writing on anything that comes to mind. He called his work as Essais, which literally translates to Trial or Attempt. This was the first time something like was done on a grand scale. And yes, you can say that Michel de Montaigne invented the essay genre, and he is considered a master of the personal essay.  His essays are considered to be a merger of autobiography and casual anecdotes, with a large dose of serious intellectual insights. George Orwell George Orwell is more known for his work the Animal Farm, but he is also a great essayist. His real name is Eric Allan Blair and he got into writing because of his profession as a journalist. In fact, George Orwell was working as a journalist for a long time before he started writing his great works of art. His profession as a journalist had a big impact on his essay writing. If you want to write a non-fiction essay, then George Orwell is the man to get inspired from. His style is very direct, but he is very fond of using extended metaphors and allusions. Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson is a celebrated American poet, lecturer and essayists. He was credited to have started the transcendentalist movement.  Ralph Waldo Emerson was also a great orator. In fact, most of his best-known essays were oration, which he then refined for the print medium. If there is one thing that you can learn from Ralph Waldo Emersons essay style is the importance of flow. This came naturally for him as orators need to have a good flow to keep the attention of the audience. Also, he stresses the importance of writing whats on your mind without fear of social backlash. Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson is commonly referred by his peers as Dr. Johnson. He is credited for compiling of the earliest English dictionary. Samuel Johnson is known as an editor, biographer, literary critic, moralist, essayists and poet. When it comes to essays, one thing that you can learn a lot from Samuel Johnson is the use of criticism. His style is still often employed by many critics even to this day. Samuel Johnson firmly believed that a constructive criticism paves the way for better future versions. Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens, popularly known by his pen name Mark Twain, is renowned American writer, lecturer, publisher, entrepreneur. However, most people know him for his novels The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. He was also a great essayist to learn from. When it comes to essay style, Mark Twain was very fond of using dialects or specific local lingo. He is also known for integrating a satirical sense of humor into most of his writings, including essays. So thats it. These are 5 of the best essayist in the known history. Of course, the list is subjective. Nevertheless, its a good starting point.

My Ideal Class Essay Essay Example

My Ideal Class Essay Essay Example My Ideal Class Essay Essay My Ideal Class Essay Essay Tonss of people will state this when inquire them what can assist you larn better or what is your ideal category â€Å"no instructors to learn us and we can utilize our phones whenever we want. we can merely chill and kip. † However. pupils neer think about the effects of that. Everyone in our category are traveling to hold a batch jobs. so we must necessitate our great instructor to assist us. My ideal survey environment would be someplace quiet and comfy where I have all my stuffs I need on manus. but I do like to hold some sort of loosen uping background noise because I can’t stand sitting in silence. Normally the best clip to analyze for me is on category. because I can larn a batch of things by listening to what the instructor says. I would wish to hold between ten to 15 pupils in all my schoolrooms. That is because the less the pupils. the more clip the instructor can assist all pupils separately. This will assist me be a better pupils. with smaller schoolroom pupils will hold the opportunity to pass on with every pupil in the category and I will besides larn more. My personal acquisition manner is on-line researching and it works truly good for me. My personal acquisition manner works out really good for me with my survey wonts because it involves a batch of typing and somehow I think typing is A LOT better than authorship. If all of our prep can be manus in by utilizing computing machine will be best for me.

Dementia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Dementia - Essay Example Dementia In the case of dementia, the effects have been widely noted and accepted (although the quantity of descriptors may vary from one authority to another): often cited are such symptoms as memory loss, particularly in short-term loadings, confusion, and disorientation in time and place, and personality alterations. Unfortunately, such effects may result from a variety of causes, some of which are treatable and others that are not. Depression is a good example of the former; Alzheimer's of the latter. The prevalence of dementia we see currently is merely the tip of the iceberg at that. There are now some 32 million individuals in this country age 65 and older. That figure is expected to grow to 39 million in less than 20 years. Though there are now an estimated 5 million victims of dementia, the number may increase to more than 17 million in the same time period. . If true, within 20 years, over 40 percent of the elderly will suffer some form of dementia compared to less than 15 percent at the present time. These are staggering figures, and they are only estimates because no statistics are kept by any agency of the exact number of persons diagnosed by physicians as suffering from dementia. In fact, doctors resist any imposition of record keeping that would lead to actual numbers and realistic data.Recent analyses of people with dementia have suggested that a loss of self or a process of "unbecoming" are ascribed to this illness by many clinicians. However, many studies fail to con sider and assess the wide variation in levels of self-awareness across both persons and areas of functioning. That is, there may be extensive individual differences not only in overall level of self-awareness but also in the specific patterns of unawareness across functional areas as well as different types of awareness (Danner & Friesen, 1996). To the degree that those with dementia retain awareness of their deficits across a range of functions, their ability to report on their emotional reactions to their deficits might be preserved. Neglect of the patient perspective in dementia may also reflect the failure to consider premorbid expressive styles when drawing conclusions about a person's internal experience (Cotrell & Schulz, 1993). An understanding of premorbid expressive style can help to bring order and meaning to the apparently random expressions of the demented patient. What appears to be indiscriminate, meaningless emotional behavior might instead represent a distorted attempt to communicate one's feelings and needs to caregivers. The new wave in attempting to understand the subjectivity of dementing illness asserts that the person with dementia clearly has feelings but lacks the ability to express them in some of the usual ways. Informed by the knowledge that the demented person has a longstanding tendency to react strongly and negatively to

College and career readiness ( my target group is high school Assignment

College and career readiness ( my target group is high school students) - Assignment Example Consequently, many children of black origin had to cover many blocks to attend schools whereas there were schools in their neighborhood but they could not school there since they were â€Å"whites schools.’† He goes on to say that, the supreme court of United States ruled unanimously that separate educational facilities brought inequalities in the education system in the USA. This was a breakthrough in the fight against racial segregation as well as opening similar cases across the United States as similar cases were filed all over. It also brought to light the injustices that came with segregation as it exposed the fact that the black schools had fewer amenities as compared to the white schools. Attempts were made to protect the school segregation policy, but the Brown case was important in the fight against discrimination (Delinder, 2004). The separation of schools was put into place in 1868 when the fourteenth amend was adopted. This was further fortified by the 1896 Plessy V. Fergusson case which ensured that the white and the African American children did not attend the same schools. A change in this system necessitated as was put forward by the then (1954) Chief Justice Warren (Delinder 2004). According to Uscourts.gov (n.d) the case that came to be famously referred to as Brown Vs Board of Education of Topeka was in fact a group of instances that were to be heard by the Supreme Court of the USA. They were about racial segregation of schools in the USA. These cases included; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County (VA.), Boiling v. Sharpe, and Gebhart v. Ethel. While all of them had different details all of them had one issue; constitutionally state-sponsored racial segregation in public schools. After hearing the case, a three-judge panel ruled against the plaintiffs in favor of the education board. Consequently, the plaintiffs appealed to

Hand hygiene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hand hygiene - Essay Example With this being a retrospective project, no questionnaires will be involved (no human involvement) but only collection/evaluation of pre and post data from the infection/risk and quality department within the sampled acute care center. Any or all actions that are meant to clean hands by any person may describe what hand hygiene refers to. It involves such practices as washing hands using water as well as soap or even the application of non-water antimicrobial rub on hands as are all meant to reduce if not eliminate all microorganisms on the hands (Corrigan, 2013; Medvick, 2008). ‘Hospital acquired infection’ (HAI) refers to the infection that a patient may be diagnosed with after admission of any form of medical attendance within the medical facilities and as such it implies that the infection was not present as the patient came into the facility for the health service(s) (Weinstock, 2007). It must therefore be acquired through health care delivery and hands hygiene has been pointed out as the greatest contributor to such outcomes (Cantrell, 2013). Health care facilities and providers have therefore a mandatory responsibility of ensuring that hand hygiene is promoted in order to curb the losses in lif e and costs associated with the resultant infections from poor hand hygiene within these medical facilities. This paper therefore focuses on the effects of poor hand hygiene by healthcare providers on HAI with special attention on compliance by health care providers and main factors that could explain the poor hygiene within health facilities amidst the extensive and serious campaigns on hand hygiene within these facilities (Cantrell, 2014). Although this topic has been addressed intensively over years, little studies have been directed towards implications of compliance of health care providers on observing hands hygiene. Many factors

Economic Social Cultural Environmental And Political Impacts Tourism Essay

Economic Social Cultural Environmental And Political Impacts Tourism Essay Undeniably, events are significant motivators of tourism and their impacts play a crucial part for destination competitiveness, especially when having to deal with unique planned events (Getz, 2008). It must be said that tourism is one of the most prosperous industries, which evolved especially over the last 50 years. It can be defined as a human activity that includes human behaviour, use of resources, communication with other people, economies and environments. It also includes physical movement of tourists to locations, which are not their permanent living houses (Bull, 1995). There are a lot of components of the tourism industry that can add to a countrys value and mega events are one of them. An exact explanation of the term mega event does not exist, however they can be defined as short-term tourism events of a large scale aiming to create new or even renew investment in host cities, thus projecting a positive image of the city (Greene, 2003). Furthermore, mega events can be described as global events and the requirement for a specific city to host such an event is to bid to win it (Getz, 2008). They are usually managed by national governments and international non-governmental institutions and can be classified as significant components in reports of cultural behaviour (Roche, 2000). There are a lot of aspects of impacts resulting from mega events and some of them can be economic, social, environmental, cultural and political. All these can emerge prior to the event, during the event or even after the event, and they can be either or both positive and negative impacts, operating both in the short-run and long-run, that will be beneficial to a tourism destination or act as a threat to it. Additionally, they can bring relatively positive economic effects as well as boost tourism from the time that the bid to host the event by a city has been won, until long time after the event (Williams and Shaw, 1998). The magnitude of th ese impacts depends mainly on the host citys management methods, especially by the government, in its effort to impose successful strategies to strengthen the positive impacts, while trying to keep the negative impacts to a minimum. Hosts mostly expect to create strong legacies that will last a lifetime, and job creation, increase in tourism figures, improvements in infrastructure, rise in the level of GDP and increased demand for commodities are included in their main expectations. Investing in sports venues, various tourism services and improving transportation might trigger economic growth, higher employment levels and renewal of the host city (Sakai, 2006). They also consider mega events as projects that give them the chance to built up a superior reputation, validated by measuring the tangible benefits and deducting the tangible costs from them(Kearney, 2005). It must be highlighted that mega events play a crucial role in promoting a tourism destination and the Olympic Games are one of the best examples of such events. Their history dates back to 776 B.C. in ancient Olympia Greece and during that short time of the event sacred truce was taking place, wars were stopped, and roads were becoming toll free, exemplifying their importance (Holloway and Taylor, 2009). I will be using Olympic Games throughout my essay to demonstrate what such an event can bring to a destination and specifically analyse the economic impacts of the Olympics on tourism destinations.http://www.twip.org/photo/europe/greece/photo-5255-08-03-06-14-31-05.jpghttp://www.flutetunes.com/img/posts/olympic-truce-emblem.jpg The Olympic Truce Emblem The Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, Greece A closer look will be taken to the case of Sydney Summer Olympic Games 2000, where the government used a unique until then strategy undertaken by a host with a free market economy. All of these were done in its effort to enhance the positive economic impacts and reduce the negative impacts. Its initial strategy was to attract as many as possible tourists to the event and induce them to travel in other places in Australia, thus enhancing its tourism industry. The second strategy was to generate strong bonds in order to increase its ability to create tourist business and the third strategy was to make Australia a more attractive destination where three types of visitors were of high importance. These were leisure tourists, business visitors and MICE (meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions) visitors. It must be highlighted, that MICE visitors can bring the more money into a country while business visitors establish new business into the local economy and leisure visitors cont ribute towards the local economy by travelling around and using the local commodities. The returns from spending in business benefits were more tangible and persuasive resulting to greater planning in favour and in funding of economic effects by both federal and NSW governments as well as the Australian Tourist Commission (Cashman,2006). It is important for each Olympic Games to create something new and leave a great legacy behind them. For the case of Australia the main legacy that authorities wanted to create, was more tourists visiting the country, not only during the event but especially after it (Chalip, 2000). A huge crowd is attracted by the Olympic Games which consist of groups of people such as spectators, media representatives, members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), sponsors and athletes. Through the extensive media coverage, a host citys image may be reinforced or even altered affecting tourists image about the city (Hall, 1989) and an encouraging image of a host city might be a reason to attract both national and international tourists (McManus, 1999). About 1.6 million people were estimated to visit Australia between 1997-2004 by the Tourism Forecasting Council (Chalip, 2000) and all these tourists were expected to inject a huge amount of money for circulation into the host countrys econom y in both short-run and long-run, where most of the money would be coming from television rights, ticket sales and general use of commodities. It was also predicted that 150,000 jobs would be created through the money spent by tourists and other visitors. What is more is that people involved in the Olympics can later use their skills to enter the workforce if there are jobs places available to them, but all these depend upon the success of the event and if peoples skills are in a certain manner that can be used in the future without additional training cost needed to incur. There is evidence to prove that during Sydney 2000 Olympics US$3billion was generated in the local business sector (Kearney, 2005). It must be added that Australia was expected to gain AUS$6.5billion from the games during the period of 1994-2004. The opportunity of attracting more tourists prior, during and post the event, like in the case of Barcelona Olympic Games 1992, where tourist figures increased a lot especially after hosting the Olympics and making it an established tourist resort, enables tour operators to create more and better holiday packages that can be offered to national and especially international potential visitors and thus improving their economic wellbeing, as well as bringing more money into the local economy. Added to these, the city government of Sydney in a combination with private investment invested a huge amount of money in their effort to expand the Sydney airport, improve the citys roads and expand hotel room capacity by 25% (Chalip,2000). It can be deduced that these investments were aiming to attract more tourists, event visitors and business visitors contributing positively towards the local economy.http://www.mapsofworld.com/olympic-trivia/images/olympic-emblem/sydney2000.gifhttp://dvice.com/ pics/sydney_stadium.jpg Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Stadium Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Logo Moreover, Sydney had won 202 bids MICE by the end of 1999 and they included 251,280 delegates contributing AUS$919,649,010 to the Australian economy and thus increasing the level of its GDP. Also, sponsors use the Olympics to promote their brands thus improving their reputation while injecting money into the local economy. Most of the times the large amounts of money injected to the host countrys economy from foreign investment have impacts of millions of dollars and governments should use this money in the best way possible to benefit the economy. For example Visa spend over AUS$30million to include Sydney and pictures from the country into its advertisement campaign. Of course there are huge costs involved in order for a country to host Olympic Games and sometimes countries plan ahead before even winning the bid to host such an event. The total investment in Australia represented 0.6% of its GDP, which was a large amount of money spent for a short-term event. Even though most expenses are covered by the government and domestic as well as foreign institutions, it is inevitable that taxpayer money would be needed in order to host a costly event like the Olympics and satisfying the standards required by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (Matheson, 2006).Costs related to infrastructure, constructing stadiums and carrying out sports events are the biggest and although they are classified as costs some argue that they contribute positively towards the local economy such as by constructing stadiums jobs are created, lowering the unemployment levels, and stadiums can be used after the Olympics to host other sports or leisure events triggering som e economic growth. In the case of Barcelona 1992 Olympics significant infrastructure improvements have taken place in just 8 years time, in order to be ready at the time of the event, whereas 50 years were normally needed for sea front, sewage, telecommunication improvements and new airport construction to take place. These changes have helped Barcelona to develop and look as a more attractive tourism destination. Also, in the case of Athens 2004 Games transportation improvements to roads, metro and trains helped towards making the city more contemporary (Kearney,2005). This aspect, infrastructure, add ups to the living standards of locals as well as making the city more accessible to future tourists since they will have the chance to use pleasing transportation methods. In Australia however, some venues had to go through maintenance in order to be able to host other types of events as well which required further costs than benefits to the Australian economy and also made the venues to loose from their original identity and history. An example of such an action is the Olympic Park 2000 which has been transformed in order to host sports events and several types of fairs. Similarly, the Olympic Stadium of Beijing 2008 Olympics has been transformed in order to be more profitable. Ex-post studies have proven that there is not enough evidence that economic benefits arise from sports events to neither sports teams, nor facilities and according to Humphreys (2003, p.6) in US constructing new sports facilities failed to increase income per capita or total employment level (Owen, 2005). Even though a $5.1billion increase in NSWs GDP resulted from the Olympics, where two fifths would go towards household income Sydney turned out to face expenses. Added to these, the crowding out effect can be considered as a negative aspect of the Olympic Games that affects the local economy, including its GDP figures. The Australian government was worried that people and business would prefer other tourism and business locations and thus created the campaigns Fun and Games, meet Australia and the open for business campaign. Local people sometimes prefer to go away from their cities while events are taking place since they think that too much traffic is going to be present and it would be better for them to be away at that time thus lowering spending figures and injections of local people in the economy especially if they go on holidays to another destination. What is more is that, Olympic Games can attract more visitors to the event, like spectators of the games, people who want to explore the host country, and people who want to make business at the host city during that time but it can also prevent tourists from visiting the certain destin ation. This is due to the fact that a lot of people are going to be present at that period and they might prefer to visit if after the Olympic Games have finished, since they will have the chance to explore and enjoy more places when less people are going to be present. Sometimes these tourists never go to the country, making it loose money from the tourism industry. Additionally, hotel room prices during the Olympics tend to be higher than usual, with no major changes in their appearance and facilities that offer and reinforce the crowding out effect, this reducing spending coming from tourism, since usual customers tend to avoid visiting them during that time and reduce the net spending in the host city (Owen, 2005). The process of planning and hosting the Olympics requires a high risk and local authorities should be careful since both short-run and long-run are important. Examples such as Montreal, which hosted the 1976 Summer Olympic Games and 30 years later the initial cost of US$1.5billion has not yet been recovered, show how adverse can mega events turn out to be for a countrys economy, since that debt has to be paid off and it cuts back from investment in other sectors of the economy, such as education, healthcare and creating new venues that would attract tourists, thus creating an opportunity cost. This debt in turn affects improvements that could be made, which affect negatively the tourism industry. Another example is Greece that was the host for 2004 Summer Olympic Games and is still facing a 6% budget deficit due to the games. Also, Greece is facing the problem that sports facilities cannot be permanently used and might have to shut down and lead to no benefits towards the local commu nity (Kearney, 2005). Greece can be an example to future host countries to avoid constructing stadiums and facilities that will have no permanent use in the future as well as cannot recover their initial cost soon or even in the long-run and thus bring no financial benefits to the country. An important outcome of money injected and continuously being circulating in economies is the multiplier effect, which estimates the impact of tourism on an economy through direct, indirect and induced spending but doesnt show the income figures generated through tourism in each sector of the economy. It can create problems sometimes, since multipliers calculated using wrong methodology are of a too large scale. This arises mainly from the ignorance of opportunity costs and treatment of costs as benefits, as proven by ex-post studies mentioned before. We have gone through the emerging impacts from mega events that affect a tourism destination but what will be the impacts on London 2012 Olympic Games which have not taken place yet? It must be noted that London is one of the most successful and established business centres and hosting the Olympics will bring even more business to operate in the UK economy. Firstly, all the funding of the Olympic Games is done by both private and public organisations aiming the development of East London. The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) generates most of its  £2billion budget from private sector and receives income from sales, commodities, sponsors and the IOC whereas the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) generates its income from the public sector. All the funding will be contributing positively towards building infrastructure and stadiums in the Olympic Park that can be used in the long-run for the UK communitys benefit. What is more, is that the Greater London Authority (GLA) works at its best attainable levels to bring benefits to the locals and gives  £925million to the ODA. http://www.sightseeingtours.co.uk/london-tourist-uk/london-images/london-olympics-2012.jpghttp://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/images/2007/06/04/2012_logo_white_385x450.jpg London 2012 Olympic Games Advertisement Official London 2012 Olympic Games Logo Furthermore, the London Development Agency (LDA), controls the sustainable economic growth and makes sure that locals will benefit as much as they can from the Olympics as well as it invests  £250million towards covering the infrastructure costs and  £220million towards cleaning the Park that is managed by the ODA. Another  £2.2billion are generated by the National Lottery Funds that contribute towards the construction of the Olympic facilities, that add up to the countrys value and create strong legacies that people can benefit from even in the long-run. The entire infrastructure such as the energy centre, new roads, new bridges and the pumping station will be brand new and aim to cover the needs of the locals even in the long-run again. Since the London Olympics follow a sustainable pattern they aim to construct venues that will be used post the games as well as trying to use existing venues to make a better use of them and if venues are not going to be used after the Olympics they will be made temporary so that no unnecessary costs will incur like in previous Olympics hosts like Barcelona and Greece. The Olympic Village will be turned into homes after the Games and even more houses will be built as well as shops, cafes, restaurants to provide more services to the locals and thus creating more jobs. London has another solution to the problem of under qualified workers since it will offer job training to the locals (London 2012, 2010). To conclude, I have explained the economic impact of mega events on tourism using mainly the example of Sydney 2000 Games and showed that it is of high importance that governments should take the most beneficial strategies while hosting such events, having in mind not only the short-run but the long-run effects of their policies. Sydney 2000 Games can act as a benchmark, since they were the first hosts to take that particular approach and emphasise on business and economic benefits leaving behind them strong legacies even though not all investment was done wisely. Also, the example of London shows that previous patterns are being corrected and followed and the legacy left behind investments in infrastructure can be judged upon their success. However, it is argued that no Olympics have shown enough evidence that there are important impacts such as increases in household impact (Owen, 2005). Moreover, it would be fair to mention that social, cultural, political and environmental impacts play a crucial role on a tourism destination since by showing to tourists the legacies and unique cultures that mega events create as well as caring about the environment while carrying out such event attracts other categories of tourists as well as it creates a better place for people to visit. Word Count: 2998

Student Financial Assistance Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive

Student Financial Assistance George W. Bush said education is â€Å"the great lifting mechanism of an egalitarian society.† He means, education is the great equalizer amongst individuals in a society established on equality. Unfortunately, access to education is not always as equal, nor are we living in an egalitarian society. In 1965, congress passed legislation, namely the Higher Education Act of 1965, in order to diminish the distance between students and the reality of higher education. Despite their seemingly positive intentions, the office of Student Financial Assistance has evolved into a very unpopular entity of the executive branch. Applicants are continuously frustrated by the aid, or lack of aid, that they are awarded. I was once a critic of the system and believed that I was being cheated out of aid that was rightfully mine. In fact, this is the point of view that I intended to support, in this paper. However, once I began to gather secondary sources, I found that this point of view l acked sufficient support and was untrue. Thus, my opinion has been changed. My opinion has been changed not only by research, but also by changing my perspective of the entire situation from narrow to broad and from particular to all-inclusive. The widely believed argument that the government distributes student-aid in a biased manner or, rather that the government’s policies for distributing the aid ultimately withhold aid from the middle class, simply, does not hold water. However, since I once made this argument and believed it strongly, I am willing to entertain it. The controversy about student aid, on the public level, begins when the Student Aid Report (SAR) is returned to the student and their family. This is whe... ...tem, I have questioned the amount of aid I received, and I have pointed a finger at the lower class. Now, as a result of this assignment, I have examined the system and how it functions and compared it with what it was intended to accomplish. My conclusion is that it works. I examined the allocation of funds amongst the spectrum of incomes, and I believe it’s just. I have also, extensively examined the lower class, who I once pointed a finger at. My conclusion is, when this nation establishes equality in the areas of, employment, housing, primary education, health care, racial and ethnic issues, etc., that is when we can talk about the small gap between each class in the amount of federal aid awarded to those classes. When the playing field has been leveled in all other variable subjects that is when the amount of aid should be congruent between all classes.

Organizational structure of the business Essay

Businesses can take different approaches on the way they structure the organization of their business. The different types of structures include flat, matrix, and tall. These represent hierarchical, centralized and decentralized forms of organization. These different structures are used in different types of organization relating to the needs the business may require. In a tall structure there are many levels. People of different status within the business take each level. This is hierarchical. As the levels get higher in the structure, the power and responsibility usually increases. In a tall structured organization there would the top layer of the structure but many at the bottom represent few people. This structure would be used in a large business where there would be many members of staff, many groups under different supervision. This form of organization would cause there to be a lack of communication throughout the business as issues would be passed through the levels, supervisors to managers and may never reach the managing director. Elements like this in a tall structure could lead to a lack of control throughout the business. Flat is another style of organizational structure. This is still of a hierarchical form yet there is less layers in the business. This is more of a democratic approach as there is a smaller span of control throughout the organization. As there is less levels in the structure there is less separate sections of power. The reduction in the amount of layers means that communication throughout the business is greatly improved therefore the managing director has a greater level of control over the business as a whole. This would be used in a smaller business. It would consist of a managing director followed by possibly a number of directors then supervisors then staff in a hierarchical fashion. A matrix approach can also be used. This is constructed by the business itself. It can be a democratic, autocratic or lassiez-faire approach or a mixture of the three. Very large businesses, PLC or LTD’s use this. As the business is so large a tall matrix would not be appropriate as there would be a lack of interaction and control of the business would not be great. To prevent this happening, Boots designed a structure of its own. These are known as matrix structures. Each level has independent managers and spans of control that do not lead up or down the hierarchy of the business. Each level has independent managers and line supervisors so they are self-contained. The local span of control is the responsibility of the line manager. To keep communication strong within the business there is a strong chain of command throughout the structure. This ensures that any problems; ideas or achievement are known throughout the business. This approach keeps communication and control strong, as although there are a great number of people within the structure it is easy to find out what is happening at present through the chain of commanding supervisors who are responsible at that level. The different sections of the business that are present within the matrix are   Boots the Chemist Wellbeing services   Supply and support services   Boots Healthcare international Each of these sections (levels) of the business has line managers and supervisors. These communicate through the chain of command through out the business. This gives a firm structure of a high level of control and interaction, which is within the best interests of the smooth running of the business. The diagram below shows the set out of the business and how the different sections relate to each other. Within these sections the directing and supervisory structure is set out like this throughout the business This is Richard Baker; he is the chief executive of Boots PLC. He does not work in a store but control along with Howard Dodd Paul Bateman the running nationwide of the Boots Empire. They have control over every structure in every store throughout the country from managers to floor workers however it is rare they interact with any one but senior staff in the department stores. Boots to maximize the benefits created the matrix structure. This shows that they have taken their own approach upon their business and changed with the times. Using a matrix structure as the business expanded to the size it is now has proved beneficial and reaches an objective. Boots aimed to Develop, modernize technology and strategies. Using the matrix structure has been a form of modernizing therefore reaching a set objective. Boots aim of globalization would need to lead from a base of a stable market in the UK business sector. To gain a stable grasp in the UK economy Boots needs a stable business. The matrix structure consisting of effective interaction through out the levels and a hold on control ensures that the business runs smoothly and is stable in doing so. This reaches the objective of taking a strong hold in the UK business field, which can lead, to greater expansion and globalization. Companies can survive at a steady pace without altering too much about the workings of the business. However to expand, as Boots wish to, some of the most beneficial ideas may come from staff low down in the hierarchical structure. It is for this reason that the matrix structure is extremely beneficial as communication and interaction is strong between the levels so ideas can quickly be picked up on along with problems. This benefits the performance of the business and issues are quickly picked up on. This also contributes to the working towards of the objective relevant to expansion and customer loyalty as both business and custom seek to gain return from the matrix structures benefits and overall performance of the business as a whole. The matrix structure has many advantages that would not be applicable if the organization structure was of another form. The chain of command within the business ensures that the communication within the different groups is regular and effective. Within the boots organization there are many different sections that deal with different aspects of the business. The seven sections within the Boots group deal with their specific part of the business whether it is the chemist, retail or health care. The specialization within the business is a great advantage to all concerned. The staff employed in each of the sections are special trained in that area. Specialization is a great advantage to the business as it means that jobs can be carried out informatively and effectively. As staff is specialized in their area they provide great customer service as they are well educated in the fields in which they work. Empowerment enables the staff within the different sections to have freedom to do tasks that they are delegated without supervisions. This increases moral and self-motivation, as the staff feels confident and independent within the business. High motivation increases staff productivity, which improves the performance of the business. The span of control within the individual areas of the business ensures that the business is smooth running and any problems that occur can be dealt with quickly and efficiently. This is an advantage, as problems do not have to travel into other areas of the business through the chain of command. The separate sections of the business are independent in the way they work. This ensures the business has high levels of control throughout the whole business in all sections and all can be accessed quickly through the chain of command. All these are advantages that help a great deal towards improving the performance of the business for the reasons listed. Communication within Boots There are many different types of communication that businesses can adopt. Different forms of communication are used in different situations within a business. The main types of communication that are used now a day revolve around ICT. ICT stands for Information Communication Technology. Communication is used everyday from the second a business opens in the morning till the second that it closes. With out communication a business would never reach its full potential or have the smooth operations it could achieve. Within a large business, like a PLC or LTD like boots communication is essential. Without communication different sections of the business would not operate well together and issues could quickly fall out of hand. Communication through the chain of command is so important in keeping a business afloat and operating efficiently. Good communication ensures that the business keeps control and the top of the hierarchical structure is aware, or can easily find out the major movements from day to day. Between departments and hierarchical levels communication links must be strong as decisions and movements are often made that effect other departments. There are many different types of communication method. The specific sectors include   Written   Non-verbal. Verbal   Electronic Face to face Each of these has specific areas in which it is of most benefit to use. Different types of communication are used dependant on the issue that is relevant, who is sending it, and who is receiving it. It is important that communication towards employees is regular and efficient. This is because employees need to be kept informed of the movement of the business in all aspects. If there is product alterations or price changes employees must be informed straight away so that no problems occur within the business. Also information about extra shifts, overtime, work hours and bonuses, especially over Christmas are very important in the smooth operation and motivation of the staff. Supervisors and managers are usually the ones who would communicate with the staff. There are many methods that could be used. Employees could be informed and communicated with by the use of notice boards. This is a cheap method, which means that everyone can see the information present. This is a good method if everyone is aware there is a notice to be seen. This could easily be ignored or not notice quickly however. Letters with the employees pay slips are a good method to use, as it is likely that a very high majority of the employees will read them. This is good if it can wait till payday for the notice to go out although still staff may not read them. A team meeting at the beginning of the day is a very efficient way of communicating with staff as issues can be raised and the employees can communicate also. This means that everyone can be informed and there are no excuses why staff ignores issues raised. Employees who have computers (not floor workers) such as administration areas and HRM can be communicated with many more forms of modern communication such as email and uses of the Intranet. Managers and supervisors need to be able to receive communication from higher up in the chain of command and also to be able to distribute down the chain. This is very important. Higher levels in the hierarchical structure need to be able to communicate regularly and efficiently in order to hold a strong level of control over the business and make alterations and give advice where necessary. It is very important this area of the business is easy to communicate with so that no time is wasted in trying to do so. Managers in the Boots organization have offices in individual branches and headquarters; some supervisors also have computer access. This enables Boots to provide computers for the staff that is a great benefit when it comes to communication. The use of computers means that these managers can be easily and quickly communicated with via the use of email, Intranet messaging and time tabled events that may be stored and altered on network software that is specific to the Boots store. Different forms of communication are used in different parts of the business depending on different factors. These factors determine the form of communication and approach taken. These are described below.   Formal   Informal   Important   Urgent   Optional   Open to all   Sent to a specific person   Person   Impersonal   Relaxed   Who its aimed towards   Who its from Confidential This all affect what type of communication are used in different situations within the business. The different categories that the forms of communication fall into are know as the channels of communication.

Essay on The Economics of Organizational Architecture

Essay on The Economics of Organizational Architecture Essay on The Economics of Organizational Architecture Essay on The Economics of Organizational ArchitectureWhat are the three aspects of corporate organization according to the article? Which one is in your view most important to the success of the firm? Explain.According to Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman (1995), three critical aspects of corporate organization include the assignment of decision rights within the firm, the structure of the system to evaluate the performance of both individuals and business units, the methods of rewarding individuals (pp.21-22). Each of these aspects is needed for organizational functioning and, moreover, these aspects are interdependent and form a three-legged stool so it is difficult to choose one most important aspect.If it is essential to choose one of these aspects, then the most important is, in my opinion, the assignment of decision rights within the firm. If the decision rights are distributed in a right way (and the persons responsible for the decision-making are competent), then these people mig ht introduce a reasonable system for evaluating performance and adopt efficient methods of rewarding individuals. However, without a reasonable assignment of decision rights within the firm the companys operations might suffer and the remaining critical aspects of corporate organization are not likely to be maintained.Explain in which industries franchising has established itself as a more successful form of business organization (compared to small independently owned companies) and why.Franchising established itself as a more successful form of business organization in such industries as fast food, hospitality, auto repair, retail (such as clothes, specialty items and foods, etc.), fitness, child care, spa services, tutoring. These industries have several things in common customers might use them in different places and locations, customers are willing to see the same standards of quality and service, customers want to know what to expect from the company, customers want to use lo yalty programs and want to be rewarded for frequent use of services or purchase of products. The businesses with the above-mentioned characteristics are likely to have more franchises compared to other types of businesses.