Essay on Annotations From The Narrative - 1654 Words

Annotations from Frederick Douglass By far the large part of the slaves know as little of their age as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. [Ch. 1, p. 39.] ‘Ignorant’ is the key word in this passage. Slaves seemed to be valued because of their ignorance. As long as they followed their master’s wishes and didn’t raise any questions, they were being â€Å"manageable slaves†. Not letting the slaves have their own identities and background made it easier for their masters to control them. It is also interesting how Douglass compares a slave to a horse. It may be upsetting to the reader to see a human treated the same way as a horse. This dehumanizes the slaves in a†¦show more content†¦The masters may challenge slaves to a drinking contest and deceive them with what they think is freedom. After seeing these tricks played on other slaves, Frederick realizes not to say a word about his master or the treatment he is receiving. This teaches him a lesson in the ways of a slaveholder. He must keep quiet at all times if he doesn’t want to be beaten or killed. Silence is his means of survival. (2nd) To use his own words, further, he said, â€Å"If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master – to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world†. (1st) Now, said he, â€Å"if you teach that nigger (speaking of myself) how to read there would be no keeping him†. [Ch. 6, p. 57.] I selected this particular passage because it demonstrates just how much education was feared by the masters. This dialogue is between Mr. and Mrs. Auld. Mrs. Auld was trying to teach Frederick to spell. She wasn’t yet accustomed to the life of slaveholding. Yet with time she grew cruel just like the others. It seemed as though slavery was bad for both the slave and the slaveholder. It could make even the kindest person into a cruel master. Once her husband found out he was furious. He felt that if you taught a slave how to spell and read, he would start learning about all kinds of things. He would become dissatisfied with his life as a slave and want something more. Mr. Auld was exactlyShow MoreRelatedMy First Day Of Class Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesliberal arts class. In my English classes, I have a tendency to deviate from the given task. This semester I took a FIQWS Composition class which helped me explore the unexplored areas of my academic writing. There were three main essays (literacy narrative, exploratory essay and critical researched analysis) and each improved my writing tremendously. On the first day of class, I was surprised to see the amount of work is expected from me because there were only three major essays and three reflectionsRead MoreWaiting For The Land Book Review838 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Land, by Arie C. Leder, is an interesting book for a number of reasons. Leder does a good job looking at the Pentateuch as a whole story, and tying it into the narrative of the bible. Basically, the whole story of the Pentateuch covers the giving of the law (for the purpose of fellowship), rejection of the law, and departure from fellowship. Leder also states that the Pentateuch has a chiastic structure, with Genesis standing in contrast of Deuteronomy. Part of the Pentateuch discusses the IsraelitesRead MoreWe Define An Indoor Mobile Robot Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesNote that this method can be expanded to other robot s experience as well. subsection{Environment Map and Route Plan} label{subsec:pathcomp} In order to compute a route verbalization, the verbalization algorithm requires an environment map with annotations representing high level locations of interest. We define an indoor mobile robot s map $M = langle P, E angle$ as set of points $p = (x,y,m) in P$ representing unique locations in our building-- where m represents the floor number and the nameRead MoreThe Theoretical Frameworks Governing The Field Of Counseling Psychology934 Words   |  4 Pagesare theories emerging from several schools of thought including Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, Existential, Person-centered, Gestalt, Behavior, Cognitive behavior, Reality and Family systems. 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I can’t say that I remember everything or loved all of it. What I can say is that I did learn and I did get a lot out of this class. I feel like I learned something about myself from writing these essays as well as how to actually write a paper. I believe writing the personal narrative was the most challenging for me to start. First off trying to pick an event that might somewhat be entertaining without it being too personal was difficult. Second, I hadn’t written a paper in sevenRead MoreFear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream by Hunter S. Thompson1064 Words   |  5 Pagesreceive a heap of public attention due to their erratic, drug-induced behaviors. The novel intrigued readers so much that, in 1998, Terry Gilliam transformed Thompson’s work of art into a movie under the same title. 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In Social Studies, my greatest challenge was probably the causal loop diagrams becauseRead MoreLiteracy Views From An Individual And Class Perspective Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesLiteracy Views from an Individual and Class Perspective Teaching and learning in the 21st century is not the same from the 19th and 20th century. â€Å"Teachers today face classrooms that are increasingly diverse, both culturally and linguistically,† (Goodwin, Lefkowits, Woempner, Hubbell, 2011). Educators must be creative and inventive in ways to influence students that are diverse as well as culturally linguistically in the areas of reading and writing. It is imperative that strategies and techniquesRead MoreFloristry Handbook2180 Words   |  9 Pages | |Your mood boards should be well presented and include pictures, photographs, drawings, samples etc. of both floral and non floral | |items. 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Msft Accounting Essay - 659 Words

1. This question addresses the effect of Microsoft’s software capitalization policy on its financial statements. Ignore any potential tax effects. Estimate the effect of capitalizing software costs on Microsoft’s fiscal 1997, 1998, and 1999 income statements and balance sheets. Assume that 1) 60% of Microsoft’s research and development expenses were incurred after technological feasibility was established, 2) the average product life was two years, 3) the company had always capitalized these costs; and 4) the company begins amortization capitalized software costs at the beginning of the following fiscal year. Briefly speculate as to why Microsoft chose to expense all software costs as incurred rather than capitalizing a portion of these†¦show more content†¦Microsoft announced to integrate the internet technologies on Windows 95 and Office 97 giving an impetus to the sales of these products and a portion of these revenues should be deferred into the future. 3. What would be the combined effect of these two policies on Microsoft’s fiscal 1997, 1998, and 1999 financial statements? Answer: The revenue coming from the promise to integrate internet technologies on Windows 95 and office would be recognized in the future by the revenue recognition policy. However, the development costs to provide these enhancements are already incurred in the and expensed in the company’s treatment for the software development costs. The combined effect of these two policies is the mismatch of expense with revenue. 4. The case indicates that the company’s â€Å"market value† of equity at June 30, 1999 was $460 billion. Compare this to the company’s â€Å"book value† of equity. What factors likely explain the difference between these two values? Answer: The difference between the company’s market value and book value is a factor of the intangible assets like brand value, human capital, customer satisfaction and loyalty. These intangible assets become the factor of production providing future growth. Microsoft’s accounting policies had a negative impact on the book value of the company. 5. Would you characterize Microsoft’s overall financial reporting strategy as aggressive orShow MoreRelatedFinancial Analysis of Microsoft Corp. Essay2293 Words   |  10 Pagesratios the company is allowed to see how profitable the company. In addition it can serve as an examination of the overall performance of the company’s operations and how do these compare to past performances or other companies. The ratios in which accounting measures the profitability of a company are Profit Margin, Price over Earnings, Return on Equity and Return on Assets. In terms of Profit Margin it has a high ratio, which means that our company is turning 76.3% more of each dollar that we sellRead MoreDMBA620 Week 2 Fin Analysis Essay2581 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Financial Accounting Individual Assignment: 1) What 3 items of important information does the income statement reveal about the financial performance of the company over the last three years?   Ans: The income statement lists the revenues minus expenses or costs of goods sold and operating expenses and will reveal a net income or net loss (Revenues – Expenses = Net Profit or Net Loss). Income statements show how much money a company made and spent over a period of time. Income Statements coverRead MoreBest Financial Statement1159 Words   |  5 Pagesquarterly basis as part of a public company s required SEC (Securities Exchange Commission) filings. Follow me, and let s go dig up Microsoft s (Nasdaq: MSFT) cash flow statement. 1) Click over to quotes.fool.com, or click the Quotes/Data tab at the top of this page. 2) On the left side of the page, under the Data heading, type MSFT, and click the SEC Filings button. (You should find yourself on this page.) 3) You now face a list of documents with funky form names. You re lookingRead MoreAnalysis of Microsofts Accounting Policy2832 Words   |  12 Pages| Case Study: Analysis of Microsoft’s Accounting Policies Introduction Microsoft’s business As the most widely recognized company in the world, Microsoft dominated the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS in 1980s.The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen and went public on March 13th, 1986 with the price of $25.75 per share. Since going public, the company’s performance kept being outstanding. Microsoft notRead MoreIbm and Microsoft Financial Statement Analysis5499 Words   |  22 Pagesposition as a result of debt. Illustration 2 IBM Balance Sheet 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2007 IBM-Current Ratio 2008 2009 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2007 2008 2009 9 Microsoft Balance Sheet IBM-Debt to Asset Ratio MSFT-Current Ratio MSFT-Debt to Asset Ratio The return on assets for Microsoft is quite high and consistent for the past three years 21.2% in 2007, 26% in 2008 and then a dip to 19.3% in 2009. I am sure Microsoft felt the 2009 dip was terrible but when you lookRead MoreMicrosofts Accounting Cycle Or Fiscal1568 Words   |  7 PagesMicrosoft is traded on the NASDAQ stock market using the ticker symbol is MSFT. The current stock price as of October 14th 2015 is $46.84. The trading range over the past year has been between $39.72 and $50.05. The dividend rate is $1.44 and their yield is 3.06. Satya Nadella is Microsoft CEO; he is only the third CEO in Microsoft’s history. 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Since both companies report large amounts of income, the matter of accounting checks and balances becomes more complicated than many smaller companies, but equally as important. Financial reports and the audits of these reports are public information and serve to provide a process to decrease errors and omissions and questionable accounting practices. History of Microsoft and Apple Microsoft. The idea of Microsoft was born in the minds of Bill GatesRead MoreFinancial Accounting 504 Final Project Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesFinancial Accounting 504 23-Jun-13 Professor Chung Oracle v Microsoft Final Course Project As noted in Wikipedia Oracle is headquartered in Redwood, California. It was founded in 1977 and is the worlds third largest soft wear developer in sales. According to Yahoo Finance Oracle is a multi-faceted operation. Oracle provides a vast amount of services for the internet and computer. 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Spending and Investing Practices Free Essays

string(75) " way to invest in commercial real estate without buying property directly\." Introduction How come some people make lots of money, others basically maintain the status quo, and many are awash in debt? What makes the difference? Spending habits – the difference between needs, wants, and self-indulgence. Investing practices –how time and compound interest can create a fortune. Spending without planning is seeking instant self-gratification NOW. We will write a custom essay sample on Spending and Investing Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over-spending creates a bondage that limits opportunities. We all have dreams, priorities, fears, and limited time. In large part these are the key factors that influence what we do with our money. After all, the money we have at the moment is limited. The key questions are: What are the things that are important to you now, five years from now, in 25 years, etc. How much money do you have at the moment that is beyond the basics? What are your best investment choices based upon your age and the time available? Financial Planning Definition The process of: managing your money and resources to achieve economic and personal satisfaction. The Financial Planning Process. Determining your current financial situation. What is your income, expenses, and debt? Developing your financial goals. What are your future plans for housing, transportation, medical, marriage, retirement, etc. Identifying courses of action. Evaluating each course of action. Every decision closes off other alternatives. Creating and implementing your financial action plan. Write it down. Continually review your plan and revise as necessary. Selecting Financial Goals Should contain time goals Short term goals of a week, month, six months, a year or two years. Medium term goals that may be achieved within five years. Long term goals such financing college for children, retirement plans, Should contain need goals Consumable product goals: food, clothing, entertainment, etc. Durable product goals: cars, furniture, appliances, sporting equipment, etc. Intangible purchase goals: health, education, leisure, relationships, etc. Goal-setting Guidelines Financial goals should be realistic. State in specific measurable terms Should have a time frame Should indicate the type of action to be taken. Influences on Financial Planning Stage of adult life cycle: young single, married, married with children, single parent, older 50+. Marital status, household size, and employment. Personal values and major events such as graduation, marriage, children, retirement, etc. Local and global economic conditions such as: consumer prices related to inflation. interest rates for borrowing money. oney supply printed by government. unemployment related to job availability. Investing In The Stock Market Investing started when someone had an idea that possibly would make money but didn’t have the financing to develop it. So he sought money from others who were willing to risk their cash in exchange for a share of the potential profits. When the idea proved profitable and looked as if it would generate an income for an extended period of time, outsiders would try to buy shares in the company by offering cash to the original owners. If several people start bidding for shares and the share owners were willing to sell, the price increased. What Is Bought Sold in the Stock Market Stocks are shares of ownership in a company. Shareholders may benefit from company profits and a rising stock price. They may also lose their shirt if the company loses money and stock prices fall. Note, ‘Penny’ stocks that are low priced tend to be highly speculative with few buyers and sellers and high risk. Below are some well-known stocks. Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) hold a diversified portfolio of stocks and/or securities that are minimally managed. ETFs have the following advantages: ETFs are safer than stocks because an ETF is a basket of securities. With multiple securities, you aren’t subject to the wide array of risk including corporate scandals, after market earning reports, and other factors that affect individual stocks. ETFs may be traded during market hours. ETFs allow the use of limit orders and STOP-loss orders. ETFs have no penalties for early withdrawal and are ‘no-load’ (although usual broker fees apply). ETFs are passively managed so their expenses tend to be lower than comparable mutual funds. ETFs holdings are very apparent and portfolio changes are relatively infrequent. Options are available on some ETFs . Index Funds: securities that represent entire sectors: SP 500 Index (SPY)| Dow Jones Industrial (DIA)| NASDAQ 100 (QQQQ)| Russell 2000 Fund (IWM). | Options are purchasable and sellable contracts that guarantee rights, but not necessarily obligations to buy or sell a security for an agreed upon price within a certain time period. Mutual funds: pooled money managed by professional money managers who charge for their services. Mutual funds are only traded after the market closes each day. Mutual funds cannot be protected from falling prices during the day. If the market is crashing, a sell order to get out is initiated only after the market has closed. No-Load Mutual Funds: no fees charged for buying or selling. On an average these tend to be more profitable than loaded funds. Loaded Mutual Funds: an upfront fee or exit fee is charged to enter or cash out a fund. Bonds: loans made to a company or government with a guaranteed return if bankruptcy doesn’t occur. Often bonds are sold to raise cash to expand the business. Commodities: raw materials such as sugar, wheat, pork bellies, metals, etc. During economic expansion commodity prices generally rise due to increasing demand. During a recession or deflationary times the opposite is true except in the case of precious metals. Sometimes when people lose faith in their paper money they purchase gold or silver as insurance against devaluation of the dollar. Currencies: paper money that people believe has value. As the amount of paper money increases, the value of the paper money decreases. With more paper money chasing goods, the rate of inflation rises (gas used to be 23 cents a gallon). REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts): publicly traded companies that own and manage investment-grade commercial real estate. REITs invest in office buildings, malls, industrial facilities, hotels, resorts, health care facilities, and self-storage. REITs provide a simple and inexpensive way to invest in commercial real estate without buying property directly. You read "Spending and Investing Practices" in category "Essay examples" However, they are not very liquid. REITs provide a fairly reliable source of income. At least 90 percent of taxable income must be distributed annually to shareholders. Financial Participants Banks and Credit Unions typically manage accounts and provide services including checking, savings, loans, credit and debit cards, notary services, safe deposit boxes, etc. Brokerage Firms typically manage all types of trades (stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, etc. ) for a fee. Some are full service, providing advice and charging for their services. Others are discount brokers that handle transactions for a minimal charge. Broker: a licensed professional who advises people about investments for a fee and may work for a brokerage firm. Stock and Commodity Markets are exchanges where stocks, options, securities, indexes, currencies, commodities, etc. are traded. Market Maker: a professional securities dealer who buys and sells stocks or commodities held in inventory and must ALWAYS provide a bid and ask price at which they will buy or sell something. Investors (speculators) are individuals who usually hold longer-term investments. Traders (scalpers) are individuals who usually trade quickly looking for quick profits. Momentum investors track prices and volume data to identify stocks trending higher. Market Timers try to time their investing so they’re buying at market troughs and selling at peaks. Growth Investors target stocks of companies that produce, and should continue producing, above-average earnings growth. Value Investors shop for bargains, hoping to buy low, as the cliche goes, and sell high. There are four market trends. Down trending markets in which security prices are falling. People typically do not know how to trade this market. Yet trading a down trending market is usually the most profitable. Security prices fall faster than they rise, typically taking 5 years to reach a high versus 3 months to lose most of the gain. High volatility markets in which security prices swing wildly from one extreme to the other. Day traders and professional traders are very active in this scenario. Up-trending markets in which security prices are rising. Most people invest in an up-trending market because of their optimistic outlook. This market ranks third in trading profitability. Sideways trending markets in which security prices trade within a fairly tight range with little fluctuation. It is important to note that . . . Money can be made or lost no matter the market direction Protecting Trades With Stops Frequently novice traders fail to protect profits and lose money even though a security has bounced in and out of profitability several times. The use of a STOP is one way to protect an account. A STOP is a chosen price in which a trader wants to sell a security to prevent a further price decline. There are four kinds of STOPS. Automatic Hard STOP. This STOP is set immediately after the initial purchase and is not changed until it is deleted or adjusted. Market makers may see hard STOPS and often knock them out during trading by dropping the price suddenly and then raising the price shortly thereafter. Trailing STOP — a favorite. As the price of a stock rises, this STOP correspondingly rises. A Trailing STOP allows a winning stock to run while protecting against a loss if the price drops. Mental STOP. This STOP is written down but not placed with the brokerage firm because full-time traders may not want to be inadvertently stopped out of a trade due to a momentary large price swing. STOP Limit. A ‘Limit Order’ is an order to buy or sell at a specific price or better and is only ACTIVATED when the desired price is hit. Searching For investments Determine market trends. What are the current market trends with the Dow, S;P 500, etc. Select high-ranking industry in which money is flowing into it. Studies have shown industry ranking is responsible for at least 50% of a stock price movement. Scan For Higher Volume. Look for securities that trade more than 750,000 shares daily. A stock needs to be liquid; meaning that there are plenty of buyers when it is time to sell. Search For Top Contenders. The companies should be profitable, with low or no debt. Trading Volume Drives Trends When there is a dramatic change in the volume being traded daily compared to its average daily volume, PAY ATTENTION! Typically this means professional money managers are either buying or selling a security. Like a garage sale, when there are a lot of buyers, prices tend to stay put or rise. If there is an abundance of sellers, prices typically fall. Rising prices with high volume mean institutional professional money managers are buying. The larger the volume increase — 50% above average — the better chance it is a true breakout. During major breakouts it is not uncommon for new market leaders to show volume spikes from 200% to 1000%. Rising prices with little volume is often a sucker’s rally and novice buyers tend to be taken to the cleaners because the price rise lacks support by institutions. Falling prices with high volume mean institutional money managers are selling. Falling prices with little volume may mean a strong base of support is forming for a possible uptrend. Professionals tend to purchase heavily and then wait four to eight days before buying again. Trend Insights A trend is the direction of movement of a market or individual security. Trends are characterized by a series of zigzags that resemble a series of waves with peaks and troughs. There are three trends: An uptrend is a series of higher highs and higher lows. A downtrend is a series of lower highs and lower lows. A neutral trend is horizontal, or equal, peaks and troughs, and reflects a period of indecision. This is also known as the consolidation phase. If a trader is wrong about the trends — all other factors are basically worthless. What is popular one moment may be a ‘dog’ shortly thereafter. Trends are your friend. Money is always flowing somewhere! Large Market Trends are determined by an analysis of the buying and selling volume of the Dow, NASDAQ, SP 500, Russell, etc. Sector Trends deal with an overall analysis of similar companies. Listed below are ETFs that cover sectors. Sector ETFs| Internet| HHH| Oil Service| OIH| Transportation| IYT| Telecom| IYZ| Real Estate| IYR| Big Tech| QQQQ| Software| PSJ| Media| PBS| Defense| PPA| Construction| PKB| Insurance| PIC| Financials| IYF| Nanotech| PXN| Alt. Energy| PBW| Industry Trends are a subcategory of sector trends. This is where individual stocks are listed. Calendar Trends. Some things happen on a recurring basis which cause stock prices to rise and fall almost like clockwork. For instance, Christmas goods are usually shipped in August and September influencing the stock prices of UPS or FEDX. India’s wedding season increases the demand for gold. CAN SLIM COMPANY ANALYSIS CRITERIA William O’Neil, founder of Investor’s Business Daily Newspaper (IBD), developed the ‘CAN SLIM’ investing analysis criteria that is based upon many years of research and readily displayed in IBD. The following is a summary of the analytical criteria used. C = Current Quarterly Profit Increases. Strong growth in earnings, more than any other factor, is what defines the market leaders that potentially are going to experience big price advances. IBD recommends looking for stocks with a profit gain of at least 25% compared to the same quarter of the previous year. IBD found that three of every four such stocks boosted profits by more than 70% in their most recent quarter BEFORE their big run-ups. A = Annual Earning Increases should be at least 25% for the last three to five years. Some of the biggest market winners had annual earnings growth of 50%+ before starting their big run-ups. A trend of three to five years of annual earning increases coupled with recent strong earnings in the last several quarters increases the probability of success in an up-trending market. N = New Products, Management, or Highs. It seems that anything new that makes our lives richer, extends our health, or increases our productivity is desirable. Old companies or newly created companies that provide these new things or new services tend to increase in value because of increase in sales. S = Supply Demand. When there are plenty of buyers and few sellers, prices increase. When demand for stock shares increases, the company with the least amount of shares available will experience a greater price increase. The greater the number shares available (for sale) the less the price performance. Usually older larger companies with billions of shares are more sluggish than companies trading only 50 million shares. Note, the larger the percentage of ownership by management, typically the greater the growth potential. L = Leaders, Not Laggards. There are many ‘wannabes also-ran’ companies. Their price growth results are average at best or a flash-in-the-pan. Select best-of-breed stocks from the top three in strong industry groups with the best quarterly/annual earnings growth. Note, in a bull market correction, the stocks that drop the least are usually the best on rebound. I = Institutional Sponsorship. When big traders (mutual funds, pension plans, etc) are buying millions of shares, it is a good sign the price will run-up. But not all mutual funds are equal in quality. Follow the leaders of the best mutual funds. M = Market Direction. Track the trend averages using the SP, DJIA, and NASDAQ. And Finally CFO: Corporate Fraud Officer. FIAT Money: Financial Instrument Administering Theft of Money Insanity: Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. – Einstein How to cite Spending and Investing Practices, Essay examples

Principles and Practices of Management - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePrinciples and Practices of Leadership and Management. Answer: Introduction Organizations in the current development economy have shifted towards the development and improvement of business with regard to the workforce or structure. The advancement in technology has initiated in-depth research and innovation to remain relevant to the changing trends. It is significant for the management in the corporate sector to be updated on the varying competitive demands in the market by adjusting to the ideal structure and promoting the improvement of the skills and competencies of the middle-level managers. The objective of this report is to underscore the significance of leadership skills and competencies necessary for the success of a business. There is a strategy by the director of Consumer Strategic Insights (CSI) for PepsiCo Food Mexico), J. Rubio, to convert CSI into a more flexible structure. The successful development of a flexible structure calls for a critical analysis of the primary aspects of leadership skills and competencies to reinforce the opinions. The conclusion of this report provides a review of leadership skills and competencies in addition to deliberations on leadership theories that are relevant for the management in CSI department. Leadership Skills in the Current Society Before the discussion on change intervention in an organization, it is crucial that first ascertain the ways through which leaders develop or acquire different skills and competencies. The three skill model of Katz (2009) postulates the contribution of each skill towards effective leadership in a company. The skills involved here are the Human Skill, Conceptual Skill, and Technical Skill. The skills for each business unit in the CSI department of PepsiCo should be based on creativity, flexibility, honesty, and accountability. The matrix-structure in the CSI department may place the leaders in an awkward position where they have to compromise while working with diverse international teams due to their limited control. Astonishingly, the skills required to manage the traditional hierarchical corporate structure in PepsiCo are far much different from those necessary for effective management of the matrix. As a result, incompetent managers with regard to specific skills are disheartened by these roles and find them to be tiresome because of the obligation to continuously influence and co-operate with other leaders towards the accomplishment of organizations goal. Dul and Ceylan (2011) opine that creativity skill is needed hereafter as a necessary condition for innovation, even though insufficient to operate on its own. Innovation is the multi-stage process whereby organizations transform ideas into improved products, service or processes, to advance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace (Baregheh et al., 2009). According to Dul and Ceylan (2011), innovation management is the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. Thus, change is perceived as a connector type of innovation. Additionally, creativity is understood to be the ability to think outside the box. Most of the decisions at the workplace are not backed up with convincing evidence. Therefore, with creativity, the management has the freedom to brainstorm and develop problem-solving skills that lead to solution generation. Furthermore, it permits the leadership to create an organizational strategic vision. The management also us es conceptual skills to develop critical thinking skills. Flexibility skill is critical to successful adaptation to the dynamic work environment. An example of flexibility in the workplace is when you have to address the issues whose deadline is due or the ability to deal with mistakes at work. Flexibility skill is fundamental to effective leadership because they need to intelligently accept the problems that they come across and provide the way forward. The subjects will in most cases appreciate the ability of the leader when he or she is willing to welcome changes and demonstrate flexibility in solving problems. Northouse (2018) observes that the most significant skills for organizational leaders are conceptual skills. Thus, intellectual Flexibility encompasses both flexibility and creativity. An intellectually flexible leader has first to be creative, innovative and an independent thinker. Also, such leaders have to regularly blend, change, emerge, and adjust to the dynamic environment. The development or improvement of a vital skill like intellectual flexibility enables the management to brainstorm beforehand to provide a solution to any rising issues and to attain individual and organizational objectives effectively Change Intervention in Organization The director of CSIs aim is to improve the value offer to PFM by altering the strategic structure of the department so that it can better be proactive and flexible. According to J. Rubio, the organizational structure of CSI is flexible which means that he has used the features of the matrix structure. Several studies have examined the matrix structures and recommended them as the most appropriate and competent in complex organizations that are gaining importance in the present society (Lunenburg, 2012; Qiu and Donaldson, 2012; Eppinger and Browning, 2012; Hall, 2013). Furthermore, the notable success of the Apollo programme has influenced remarkable corporations to adopt the matrix method to improve the efficiency of the company (Karasiewicz, 2015; olts and Gavurov, 2013). The efficiency that the organization is after depends on the organization's structure and functionality (Kaczmarek, 2010). Some studies have examined the matrix structure and concluded that it is complicated for the management to use it compared to the old, traditional hierarchies (Worren, 2013; and Galbraith, 2013). However, the matrix structure has exhibited drawbacks irrespective of its successful implementation. For example, most employees undergo conflicts as a result of confusion in communication. On the other hand, the performance and flexibility benefits of the structure enable it to control the multidimensional companies in the real world. More specifically, Travis (2013) assert that optimal effectiveness in management requires essential elements such as new leadership methods and skills. Flexibility in organizations has received much attention from scholars in the past years and as a result a variety of leadership approaches have been discovered with a particular emphasis on elements like corporate adaptability and responsiveness (Dibrell et al., 2014; Dunford et al. 2013; Yukl and Mahsud, 2010; Yuan, Zhongfeng, and Yi, 2010). Thus, the value of business capability, according to Yuan, Zhongfeng, and Yi (2010) is essential for effective response to the opportunities and encounters that the competitive market provides. Alvesson Sveningsson (2008) observes that the present unstable society demands drastic changes by organizations to conform and adopt survival tactics to remain competitive in the global market. It is significant that an organization utilizes a process for change to evaluate the effect of change and regulate its implementation (Westover, 2010). The Lewin Change Model recommends a change model of three steps that are significant for PepsiCo (Burnes and Cooke, 2013). The unfreezing phase is the first one, and it involves unfreezing the present fixed condition. This step includes activities such as employee motivation by antedating them for change (Taylor and Cranton, 2012), developing confidence and acknowledgment for the necessity to grow, and determining the problems and examining them for clarifications within a team (Griffin and Moorhead, 2011). The second step in the Lewins Change Model is the step of change. After satisfactorily ascertaining the new goals, it is significant that the organization moves forward to the next level. It is in this phase that the employees and management of Rubio will start to develop confidence in the new direction that will be of importance to the organization. In this stage, the management of CSI can decide to go through the process by promoting effective communications and supporting the staff to study new approaches towards work and learning new behaviors, attitudes, and ethics (Fernandez et al., 2012). The third and last step of Lewins model is refreezing, in which the organization should focus on encouraging stability after the implementation of the changes. The changes should be accommodated by the companys staff. It is in this phase that all employees incorporated in the amendments realized the expected outcomes in real behavioral terms. The roles of the current leaders are beyond the conventional one of representing the organization. Nowadays leaders represent a diversified culture and a worldwide organization. The leadership should set goals for all the teams which must be relevant to the objectives of both the company and the individual employee. The process of decision making should not only be done by the leaders but should also incorporate all the employees as a way of appreciating the value of each one's contribution to the organization. The objective of change is to remain and succeed in a multi-dimensional competitive market. Required Competencies of Leadership The possession of the necessary skills only is not sufficient. These skills must be merged with competency for there to be effective management. Therefore, the necessary and sufficient condition for adequate performance in leadership is leadership competencies. Various organizations like PepsiCo and Lufthansa have for years adopted competency models in employee selection. The active leaders in the use of matrix roles reliably adapt competency skills like empathy, self-awareness, conflict resolution, and impact. Relevant research in this area has given rise to authentic leadership (Ladkin and Taylor, 2010; Northouse, 2018). According to Wang and Hsieh (2013), authentic leaders create a remarkable impact on the company by challenging their staff to continuously offer excellent customer services and develop long-lasting values for investors. Wong and Laschinger (2013) define authentic leaders as individuals who are self-assured, self-aware, moral, positive, honest, balanced in decision making, and unique in leadership manifestation. Self-awareness is the ability to control performance, enhance connections and associations and improve ones self-awareness of ethics, motivations, objectives, and impacts on colleagues. Besides that, authentic leaders are purpose-oriented and thus making them trustworthy since they are inspired by ethics and integrity. Furthermore, authentic leadership establishes trust among the subjects (Leroy, Palanski, and Simons, 2012). Battilana et al. (2010) outline the specific competencies expected of a leader, and these include outcomes, vision, aggression quotient, emotional intelligence, and integrity. Future leaders will be expected to integrate own authenticity like personality and corporate expectations to become appropriate managers (Sullivan and Garland, 2010). Authentic leadership is ideally recommended for the CSI department of PepsiCo since the goal of Rubio is to gain a competitive advantage in the global market and to improve the effectiveness of the staff at the workplace. The manifestation of authentic leadership by the leadership fosters teamwork because it is possible for them to delegate and cooperate. Additionally, the leaders cultivate skills in self-control and relationships thus exhibiting self-awareness. Authentic leaders also learn strategic thinking skills which permit them to operationalize solid plans for the success of the business. In the long-term, they will also develop leaders thus assisting in the individual professional development. The present dynamic work environment doesnt allow guesswork if results are to be achieved. The limited time to foster competencies implies rushing after time. The organizational management should explore additional ways of knowledge acquisition and apply them at work. Conclusion Other factors that are essential to effective corporate leadership include communication, motivation, multiplicity, empowerment, and values. The current trend in most organizations is shifting towards communication. Hence, the reason why leadership theory, competencies, and skills have a substantial contribution to successful organizational leadership. On the other hand, corporate communication is also significant to effective management. In the Case study of PepsiCo, communication is identified as an FB company, and thus it is fundamental to its operations. The organizational plans and goals set by the leaders need to correctly be communicated to the employees, who in turn are to respond back efficiently. That is to say, to change is to communicate. Kilner and Sheppard, (2010) point out that communication is a critical element in teamwork. The management must convey information to ascertain the competence of the followers. This process enables them to communicate with the staff who offer feedback which allows them to develop and implement strategies cooperatively. The use of such tools permits the leadership to communicate and devote themselves towards the attainment of objectives efficiently. Most of the issues or misunderstandings that occur at workplaces are due to inefficient communication because of faulty communication channels which end up in message distortion. The significance of communication can be observed from the way in which companies have invested in training employees to improve on communication skills. 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